An evidence-based overview of substance use by young people is provided in the beginning of the chapter, drawing on statistical data whenever available and key informants otherwise. The present situation and trends are elaborated and comparative international aspects highlighted, followed by a description of current and best practices in demand reduction programmes and youth participation in those programmes. When the subject of drug use comes up, it is often in relation to young people. This makes some sense, for while there are significant drug issues among other populations, it is during the younger years that most substance use begins. If a person in today’s world has not begun to use alcohol, tobacco or an illicit substance during this period, it is unlikely he or she ever will. Young people in almost all countries tend to use these substances to a greater extent and in riskier ways than do older people, and this behaviour can result in significant problems in the short and long terms. People use substances to satisfy a need or to serve a function. A drug may meet certain needs or desires through its effects (including pain relief and pleasurable feelings) or through the symbolism associated with its use (a sense of rebellion or feeling of belonging, for example). All substance-use decisions involve a weighing of benefits against risks as perceived by the individual. Young people use substances for many of the same reasons adults do (to relieve stress or heighten enjoyment); however, there are some reasons for use that arise from needs specifically related to adolescent development. Sources of motivation include the desire to take risks, demonstrate autonomy and independence, develop values distinct from parental and societal authority, signal entry into a peer group, seek novel and exciting experiences, and satisfy curiosity.1 More and more young people worldwide are growing up in an environment increasingly tolerant of various forms of substance use, both medical and non-medical. The pharmaceutical and alternative medicine industries continue to grow and to promote a climate of “solution by ingestion”. An unprecedented level of access to media by youth worldwide has meant that more young people than ever are “consuming” a globalized, Western-dominated pop culture that tends to tolerate substance use. The tobacco and alcohol industries have added to this environment by utilizing their powerful marketing capacities to influence young people.
Research and Evidence
Youths & Drugs
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