In this chapter, we review some of the salient features of Indigenous contexts and characteristics that affect the well-being of Indigenous youth. We outline an approach to mental health promotion that takes into account historical, transgenerational, and contemporary contexts and seeks to build on the strength and resilience of Indigenous communities and youth. Our examples come from Canada, but have broader application for Indigenous peoples in many countries as well as for youth from other marginalized communities that have faced historical loss and devaluation, and must meet the challenges of globalization and ongoing culture change. Comparisons of Canada with Australia and New Zealand, settler societies in which Indigenous people have faced similar historical forces, are especially instructive. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved)